Introduction:
Education reformers in the middle of the nineteenth century have convinced many people born abroad that primary education was the need for both self-realization and progress of the nation.
This has led many countries to establish a minimum wage for the job requirements and the minimum school attendance. These laws were many gaps, however, and was in place only in some countries where both sexes have been applied. In addition, the arrival of immigrants, the Irish in the 1840s and continuing from 1880 with a group of South and Eastern Europe, presenting a new set of working children. According to many of these migrants from rural areas, and had a lot of the same attitude towards child labor as Americans in the eighteenth century.
In parallel with the new offer of working children through a massive expansion in the US manufacturing in the last quarter of the nineteenth century that the increase is suitable for children and jobs. Two factors have led to an increase in the proportion of children ten to fifteen years of age who were gainfully employed. Although the official figure of 1.75 million significant disregard for the true number, it indicates that at least 18 percent of these children were working in 1900 in the southern cotton mills were 25 percent of employees who are under the age of fifteen, with half of them children under twelve. Furthermore, it has brought terrible working conditions for many of the children working the case of public attention.
Continued efforts to regulate or eliminate secondary function of social reform in the United States since 1900. The leaders of this effort was the work of the National Child Labor Committee, organized in 1904, and many of the committees state of child labor . These progressive organizations, philosophy, and therefore ready to accept what could have been achieved even if they were not enough in theory, used flexible tactics and were able to endure the frustration of the defeats and slow progress. Committees leader in massive techniques of political action, including investigations by experts, and the widespread use of photography to dramatize the plight of children at work, brochures, flyers, letters mass mailing to reach the public, pressure sophisticated. Despite these activities, success depends largely on the political climate in the country, as well as developments that have reduced the need or desire in child labor.
During the period 1902-1915, child labor committees confirmed the reform through state legislatures. Many of the laws restricting child labor as part of progressive reform movement issued this period. But the gaps that still exist, especially in the southern states, led to the decision to work for the federal child labor law. Congress passed such laws in 1916 and 1918, but the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional.
Then child labor opponents sought a constitutional amendment authorizing federal child labor laws. Congress passed the amendment in 1924, but the conservative political climate of the 1920s, along with opposition from some religious groups and agricultural organizations, which fears a possible increase in the federal authority in child-related areas, prevented many countries from ratification.
The Great Depression changed the political positions in the United States dramatically, and benefited from the reform of child labor. Almost all the icons placed in the framework of the National Industrial Recovery Act led to the reduction of child labor. fair labor standards in 1938, which first set the national minimum wage and maximum hour standards for workers in the trade between the US, restrictions on child labor law also developed. In fact, the employment of children under sixteen years of age in the manufacturing and mining is prohibited.
