5 Child Labor countries in the world.

Introduction:

There are many countries that have child Labor some of them are listed below.

• Africa
• Australia
• Brazil
• England
• India

 Colonial empires

        Systematic use of child labor is common in colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. Africa, colonial administrators production orders, obtained a reward for services, which encourage traditional methods only adults for. Millions of children worked in the colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic services industry. Children sophisticated schemes have been implemented in the colonies between the ages of 5-14, where without pay in exchange for learning a trade was hired as an apprentice. 

A Farm Learning beggar system, 19th century, colonial and must master the parents' or the child's consent from their parents, came into play where to assign a child to work in a different colonial masters we ownership. including other projects earn and learn children and the UK, for example, a law passed masters and slaves, called the 1899 law. learn the programs, tax law and Dara followed by, or encourage child labor in the colonies, especially in the present legal ownership of part of the native land for working women and for children in Africa. these laws, the colonial government. required fields and as picannins.

The rules were imposed on beyond, the new tax the colonies. It was a head tax in British and French colonial empires of the tax. Over 8 years in the tax is imposed on the colonies. To pay taxes and fees, insurance, had to work for children's colonial houses.

Southeast Asia, in the colonies, was ignored by the appropriate British authorities as a cultural tradition, such as Mui Tsai Hong Kong, child labor,. Dutch East India Company officials as a way to save them from a fate worse than their rational use of child labor. In Zambia the schools of Christian missions in the areas of Nigeria gives to children, and for religious education, secular education. Elsewhere, the so-called Contract Act violations, Canadian law domain in the form of imprisonment for child workers uncooperative states.

Proposals to regulate child labor was launched as early as 1786.

Africa

        Children have been a constant theme in Africa working age. Many started working at home to help their parents in the tasks of the family farm. Children are often the result of persistent poverty in Africa, forced labor exploitation due to family debts and other financial factors. Child domestic labor in other types of commercial plantations, begging, and other sales are bright start, such as. In total, the gradual increases over five million children in the present harvest is estimated that there are working in agriculture. With 30 percent of children are taking sufficient, working throughout the year, an estimated 25,000 school-age children.

Children worked in industries that depend on you grew up in a rural area or an urban area or not. To help build a child born in urban areas often vendors, car wash on the streets, weaving cloth, and sometimes also found to work as exotic dancers. We grow up in rural areas who work with children worked on farms physical work, the animals, and sale of crops. All working children, street children and suffered physical and emotional abuse by their employers due to the most serious cases of trafficked children involved. To address the problem of child labor, the Child Rights Act was launched in the United Nations Convention on the poverty, lack of education and ignorance, 1959. No legal action forced the start or is accepted in Africa.

Other legal actions have been implemented by the end of the 1979 International Year of the Child by child labor has been reduced, including the implementation of the global response. Along with the UN Human Rights Committee, these two statements on many levels for the elimination of child labor. Although taken several steps to reverse the epidemic, takes to engage in this activity because of a problem child labor in Africa today are growing up and how long the unclear definition of the child remains in progress very important. Another issue that often comes into play may be due to cultural acceptance of children at home to help run the family business is the link between child labor. Finally, the national government is a constant challenge to consolidate its political control over child labor, and to increase education and awareness about the problem of children working below the legal age limit. Children play an important role in the African economy, child labor continues to play an important role for many in the 20th century. 

Australia

            Since European settlement in 1888, the convicted child had never been occasionally sent to Australia where she was forced to work. Child labor was not more than that required in Australia and the UK. With a small population, agricultural production was higher and had families facing hunger as in the industrialized countries. Australia was the late 20th century, when child labor laws and compulsory education was developed under the United Kingdom unless the industry. In the decade of 1870. Child labor was limited by compulsorry school.

Child labor laws in Australia vary from state to state. Generally, you are allowed to work with children at any age, but is not restricted to children under the age of 15 years. Working hours and type of work restrictions apply to children can perform. In all states, the minimum age children, Tasmania and Queensland, where the completion of 15 years of age are required to attend school until 15 years of age in all states.

Brazil

     Pedro Alvares Cabral followed by the country was on April 22, 1550, the population has been a constant struggle for children in child labor Brazil. Many children took part in the work place, which was not always available, legal, or play. Free or slave labor was a common occurrence for many young people and they grew to adulthood, was a part of their daily lives. However, a child or young person, because there is no clear definition of what the colonial period to the rate it has little historical documentation of child labor to share. Because of this lack of documentation, which is how I used to kind of the nineteenth century is very difficult to determine the children. The Armando Dias, for example, while in November 1913 are still very small electric shock where he died on the job in the textile industry. Children were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis.

In Brazil, the minimum working age, however, the 1934, 1937 and continuing constitutional amendments that occurred in 1946., 80s to the change by the military dictatorship, as fourteen. the sanctions were passed in 1998, rising again to another set, that is considered as dangerous to work in some types of construction materials, or factory, types of work in young people the limit can. Although the danger had taken several measures to reduce the incidence of child labor, there is a large number of working children and adolescents under the age of fourteen to Brazil.

Census data Brazil (PNAD, at the age of 2.55 million point 1999) 10-14 jobs a living legally. He joined the 3.7 million people 15-17 years old and about 375,000 5-9 years old. 14 restriction Omar, less than half of the registered youth workers working illegally was important labor leaders to be protected by law. Although enough time has passed to regulate child labor age, is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil there. Many of the sales from his view sin, drugs, weapons and other illegal materials and transport used by drug cartels to transport. This type of work that young people are taking part in the physical and psychological consequences that come with these jobs is very dangerous. However, come with working with drug traffickers, despite the dangers, there is an increase in the area of employment in the country.

England

              For example, there are many factors that contribute to long-term economic growth in the United Kingdom, while labor's strong presence in the industrial revolution and industrialization in the 1700s. Children are not forced to work at an early age often. Because he needed to help his family survive financially, but they did. Due to the limited employment opportunities for many parents a way to help support the family farms and factories, feed their children and send to work. Child labor goods mass-produced domestic enterprises began to occur in England became the local labor market that have made a home. Most of those children was a simple change for many of the workers in the factory, has helped to produce the goods out of their homes because of his youth to make money. There are under ten years old allegations factories for many children, but most workers were the children of ten and fourteen years old. The age range for many young people it was an important moment for as long as they were in the first, while transfers to save for their future families to provide for their families.

In addition to responsibility, was to help support families with children financially. Another factor in child labor were Demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century. In the eighteenth century, the development of labor and industrial revolution only 20 percent of the population consists of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial change, the life companies outside of the home for children work early. However, although there was an increase in child labor in factories and cotton textile, it constantly had a number of children working in agriculture and domestic production.

It was a high percentage of children who work, lifting illiteracy and lack of a formal education, working to support their families become a widespread problem for many children. The disturbing trend because of this, many parents develop a change of mind in deciding to send their children to work or not. Economic changes in the economy and other factors resulted in a reduction of child labor, technology, wage growth increased in the changes, and continuous industrial law regulations.

The first legal measures taken to prevent the occurrence of child labor was implemented over fifty years ago. In 1966, economic, social rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly of the International Agreement. This act lawfully 14. However, 23 years later, in 1989, the Convention was adopted at the age of children's rights and children helped to reduce child abuse and at least What is the age range they demand safe working environment. He worked on the goal of eliminating the worst forms of child labor problems.

India

      In 2015, is the home of the largest number of children who are legally working in different industrial sectors of India. Where many children work in agriculture sector at an early age to help support his family in India. Are forced to work at a very young age of the children because the unemployment, family members, a number of poverty reduction, parental education and many family factors. It is often the main cause of child labor rates in India.

On June 23, 1757, the East India Company defeated the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-war English Daula, Plassey. Thus, the British East India Bengal with a flourishing agriculture, industry and commerce, Bihar, Orissa became the owner of a prosperous region. This is due to produce large quantities of items of work, resulting in a large number of children forced to serve the growing need for cheap labor. Many multinational companies often employ more tolerable for children because they can be hired for less money, and use in industrial environments. He was one of their basic rights, which causes a problem or complaint, and often more confident because many are unaware of the services that were Indian. Search by many that comes with childhood innocence was used to gain an advantage and was driven by the need for family income.

India's non-governmental organization as well as a variety of social scientists (NGOs), the numeric data of child labor and extensive research to occur in India and it has come a third of India Child Labour that a quarter of child labor in Asia and the world. Children are illegal work due to a number, the Indian government to multiple initiatives focusing on the importance of facilitating the working of numbers decline, and growth and development of children started.

An eight-year-old, making his livelihood, 2011 showing a playful monkey on a train that runs in India.

The international implications of these children was adopted in 1924. Act Right Act in 1948 was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the Geneva Convention, which help foster basic human rights to take legal action in India in his younger years are the needs of children for proper growth and development. This international celebration of Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) of the workforce in India in 1986, which was when I started, I encourage significant changes. Under the age of 14 working in hazardous conditions and prohibits employment of children.

Increased due to legal regulations and restrictions on child labor, child labor is 64 percent in 1993-2005. Although, this is a reduction in the country, although there are a large number of children working in rural India. Is found in 85 percent of child labor in rural areas, and 15% occur in urban areas, are as of major concern still exist in India country.

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How to reduce poverty?

There are some following whys to reduce poverty level in a society. 

• Cash solves poverty.
• Poverty alleviation with peace.
• Decrease poverty by ending hunger and thirst.
• Reduces poverty through education.
• Commit to get climate change solutions and climate justice.
• Reducing Poverty through Resilience.
• Eliminating Poverty with Equity.

Details of above poverty solution are below.

Cash solves poverty.

Although they may seem like the most straightforward options, cash and microfinance are two of the most effective ways to combat poverty. By offering low interest loans to former, microfinance institutions can play a significant role in reducing poverty. However, due to high interest rates, as well as losses in the agricultural sector and in their businesses, people in "Pakistan" who receive loans from microfinance banks simply pay their interest, and the loans remain as they were. On the other hand, microfinance organizations change into commercial banks. Banks can contribute to the reduction of poverty by offering loans with low interest rates.

Poverty alleviation with peace.

While ambitious, ending all war would allow for the delivery of public services to be paid for by budgets set aside to cover the cost of war. Additionally, it lessens the risks that the most vulnerable communities must face and makes sure that the objectives of inclusion and equality can be upheld.

Decrease poverty by ending hunger and thirst.

To break the cycle of poverty, all it takes is eating three meals per day and consuming a healthy amount of calories and nutrients. A person lacks the strength and energy necessary for work when they don't eat enough. Debilitating illnesses can result from contaminated water.

Additionally, expanding access to clean water may benefit people who reside in rural areas. Water is a women's issue, as you might have guessed if you remembered our first point on inequality. According to recent estimates, women and girls spend 200 million hours daily walking great distances to fetch water.

The need for governments to provide the fundamental social protections and services to keep their citizens healthy and provide them with access to affordable treatment options when they are not goes hand in hand with this solution. Adequate healthcare options for all is a key component of this solution.

Reduces poverty through education.

UNESCO estimates that 171 million people could be lifted out of extreme poverty if all students in low-income countries had only the most fundamental reading and writing skills. We could more than halve the rate of global poverty if all adults received a secondary education. Education increases knowledge and abilities, corrects some inequalities brought on by marginalization, and lowers risk and vulnerability.

Creating access to school in remote areas, assisting teachers in their efforts to provide high-quality instruction, and ensuring that education is accessible to children living in unstable contexts are a few of the key areas of focus for ensuring that education is truly for all.

Commit to reduce climate change solutions and climate justice.

Particularly crucial and deserving of separate mention is resilience against climate change. Without immediate action, the World Bank estimates that over the next ten years, climate change could push an additional 100 million people into extreme poverty.

Concern continues to support both targeted programs (like Paribartan in India and Bangladesh, BRCiS in Somalia, and RAPID in Pakistan) as well as general climate responses (like Disaster Risk Reduction). Governmental commitment to climate justice, particularly on the parts of high-income countries whose carbon emissions are higher than those of the low-income countries hit hardest by climate change, is one of the ways to end poverty that goes beyond any humanitarian mandate.

Reducing Poverty through Resilience.

A high degree of inequality and a high degree of risk combine to create poverty. In order to counteract this, we must make sure that the most defenseless individuals and communities can develop resilience. Although its definition has evolved over the years, in terms of development and humanitarian aid, it still has a very clear meaning. For us, being resilient means collaborating with local communities to develop early disaster preparedness plans. It also entails adjusting to long-term changes (such as combating climate change with Climate Smart Agriculture or developing programs to support the livelihoods, education, and safety of refugees or IDPs). These anti-poverty measures assist in balancing out or even lowering the degree of vulnerability communities may have to risks.

Eliminating Poverty with Equity.

Inequality is one of the major contributors to poverty. Groups of people who lack representation in their communities are further disadvantaged in terms of resources and opportunities as a result of systemic barriers. All groups and identities must participate in developing solutions if a community, or even a nation, is to reduce poverty.

We work in agriculture because women are the backbone of our industry. When women have opportunities, their farms' yields and incomes rise. The management of natural resources has improved. Improved nutrition. Additionally, jobs are more secure. ".

Another significant point is that when we refer to equality, we mean that everyone must experience an equality of outcomes as opposed to an equality of resources. To ensure that they have everything they need to succeed, this might entail providing more resources for those who are most behind.

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What is poverty and it's types?

Definition 

Poverty mean not having enough money to get basic needs of life including food, clothing, education and house to live. However, poverty is more, much more than just not having enough money. The World Bank Organization describes poverty in this way: “Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter.

In other words "Poverty" refers to the insufficient financial resources to survive or purchase the essentials for a fulfilling life, this situation is referred to as poverty. To be this poor would mean to struggle to afford necessities like food, clothing, shelter, and medicine.

In addition to reducing income equality and perpetuating the cycle of poverty, poverty can also restrict access to employment and educational opportunities. Poorer health outcomes are caused in part by unmet social needs, environmental factors, and barriers to accessing health care for those with lower incomes.

Terminologies use for Poverty

Destitution, indigence, penury, and want are some common words used to describe poverty. Poverty can range from a severe lack of necessities to the absence of material comforts, even though all these words refer to "the state of one with insufficient resources".

Types of Poverty

There are multiple types of poverty.

• Situational poverty.
• Generational poverty.
• Absolute poverty.
• Relative poverty.

Situational poverty

Situational poverty is yet another type of destitution. Given that it is brought on by a particular set of circumstances, such as a divorce, a loved one's death, a serious illness, etc., situational poverty is defined by the assumption that it will pass quickly. A household's income may suffer a significant decline due to one or more factors, but there is frequently hope for recovery.

A situation that at first glance seems to be situational poverty, however, can expose people to the start of a cycle into poverty that goes beyond this specific circumstance. In a similar vein, someone who is experiencing situational poverty is still very likely to suffer at least some of the consequences of poverty in terms of their health, finances, and other areas of their lives.

Generational poverty

Poverty that affects two or more generations is referred to as "Generational Poverty". Unfortunately, statistics show that people who experience poverty as children are more likely to experience it again as adults, and breaking out of this cycle is very challenging. All four of these types of poverty can have detrimental effects on one's health, including illnesses linked to stress, inadequate nutrition and hydration, social isolation, and a shortened life expectancy.

Absolute Poverty

This idea simply takes into account the sum of money needed to pay for necessities like food, clothing, housing, safe drinking water, education, healthcare, and so forth. This kind of poverty has no effect on those who reside below the aforementioned poverty line, regardless of how well-off their country's economy is. Absolute poverty can also be understood as the state in which, regardless of how prosperous and successful the economy is, those who are living in it do not benefit from the advancements made by their nation.

Contrarily, absolute poverty disregards broader issues with quality of life or the overall degree of social inequality. People have important social and cultural needs as well, which the idea ignores.

Relative Poverty

It refers to the situation in which people lack the bare minimum of income needed to maintain the standard of living in their society. Because of this, even though individuals and households experiencing relative poverty, or relative deprivation as it is sometimes called, have some money, it is not enough to meet their basic needs. Contrarily, this kind of poverty gauges one's level of poverty in relation to that of other people in the community. This implies that it changes in step with the nation's economic growth.

People who live in this kind of poverty cannot afford the same standard of living as the rest of society, despite not being in absolute (total) poverty. This occasionally relates to a lack of television, Internet access, clean clothes, good housing, and education. It is still a category that may last a lifetime even though it seems to be less severe than extreme poverty. The same standard of living is beyond the means of some families. They can only afford low income, which prevents them from overcoming the challenges.

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what is child labor definition

Defination
                         Child labor is defined in ILO Convention. They are working age  because it is so dangerous or otherwise unsuitable for a job that is too small, or because children should not have. By -children as to eliminate child labor should not be classified at work. Child labor or that adolescents participated affect their health and personal development or interfere with their schooling, and it is generally regarded as positive. Whether or not particular forms of work, can be called child labor depends on the child's age, type and duration of work and the conditions in which they are made, as set out in the ILO.

There are several types of child labor worldwide. Children farming, mining, manufacturing, mining, are engaged in domestic service, construction types, cleaning and begging on the streets. Others, armed conflict slavery forms are trapped in forced labor and debt bondage parents and grandparents to pay the debt incurred by, as well as commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking of illegal activities drugs and many other types of organized labor and begging. As many of them from the harmful morally condemns, and as a violation of the child's freedom and human rights, child labor the worst forms. Child labor is concentrated in the informal sector of the economy. Some work, children pay only get a place to eat and sleep. If they are injured can get the kids are not sick and no protection in the informal sector or are victims of violence or maltreated by their employer.

Causes And consequences
                               In the worst forms of child labor, in particular, must be eliminated. Not only human rights but also weaken the roots of the worldwide threat of social and economic development. Trade, competition and economic efficiency should not be an excuse for abuse.


Child labor is a complex issue and many factors affect children or not. Poverty appears as the most compelling reason why children work. Spend most of their income on the income provided by poor diet and working children is often crucial to their survival. However, poverty is not the only determinant of child labor and can not justify all types of employment and servitude. Countries may also have relatively high or relatively low levels are so poor and child labor.

Other Factors
                  Not available in all countries and all barriers to education for primary education available to all children, especially in remote rural areas. Where are the schools, the poor quality of education may be relevant and material. I do not see any value in situations where education is not affordable, or parents' education, children are sent to work instead of school.

With culture and tradition, some open opportunities for children with more educated parents as a cultural norm in which the most productive use of child labor is likely to share. Children often are expected to follow the footsteps of their parents and often called for help at an early age, other family members.
It is not accidental market demand for child labor. Employers may be dispensed with adults because we are cheaper than their counterparts, will not be easy if you try to organize for protection under labor demand fluctuations and an obedient workforce is children's services may give priority to and support.

A defense mechanism that can use natural disasters, economic or agricultural crises and HIV, AIDS impact does not mean that the crisis household income households effects to cope with income shocks, such as child labor. For example, millions of children are affected by the HIV pandemic. Many children, have been made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS orphans in large numbers living with HIV. A parent comes to diseases related to HIV or AIDS because they are sick, may have to leave school to care for family members of children. Children head households trend HIV is associated with AIDS and children orphaned work to care for their younger siblings.

National laws and policies on children missing or inadequate persists for poor implementation / laws and policies protecting children from child labor when to effectively protect not apply.

Safe and healthy childhood development is crucial for the bar. Because children are growing in terms of specific characteristics and requirements, which should still be considered physiological, cognitive thinking / learning and behavioral development and growth. A wide variety of chemicals, working children, ergonomic machinery, well-hours of development / biological, physical and psychological health risks and long and at high risk of poor conditions due to illness, injury and even death. life. Workplace hazards and risks is still hard to affect adult workers can affect children. For example, physical exertion, especially once can cause the movements, when combined with the growing bones and joints, stunting and long spinal deformity and disability. Children often do not work and an environment in which they harassed or experience violence and abuse, psychological harm to the victim are notorious. In addition, child labor is profound effect on a child's future. There is little chance of getting a decent job and the right to a quality education that escape the cycle of poverty and exploitation, and denied adults.

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How to weight loss with Barley water

Are you ready for a refreshness and healthy drink it helps you to beat the summer heat? 

Barely water yes we are talking about barley water did you know the benefits of drinking this amazing drink and how to make it at home?

Barely water is likes by many people for its ,  detoxifying cooling and digestive benefits. Now sit back, relax, and let us introduce you to the benefits of drinking jau ka pani or barley water and how to make it?

Barley water or jau ka pani is a freshing and very healthy drink made along with boiling barley grains or jau in water until the water turns into thick and creamy liquid. In magical drink has lot of fiber, antioxidants and nutrients, making it an excellent tonic for the digestive system and a good natural remedy for constipation. Barley water is also known for its cooling benefits, it helps to maintain body temperature and get away heat-induced disorders during the summer season. Barley water is a versatile drink that offers numerous health benefits and can be easily incorporated into any diet.

Benefits of drinking barely water.

Barely water or Jao ka Pani has lot of benefits some of those are mentioned below.

• Digestive health
• Cooling properties
• Good for kidneys
• Weight loss
• Manages blood Pressure
• Manage diabetes

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Babar Azam at the top of ODI Ranking

 Pakistan's cricket team captain Babar Azam has become the fastest player to reach 5000 runs in the one day international matches. He make the 5000 run-mark in 97 matches. Babar Azam break the record of Hashim Amla who made 5000 runs in 101 matches.

After getting 1st position Babar Azam moved Hashim Amla to the 2nd number,and the former West Indian legend Viv Richards moved to third position as Sir Viv Richard made 5000 runs in 114 matches. Indian batter Virat Kohli had made 5000 runs in 114 innings, while Australia's left-handed batter David Warner crossed the 5000 runs in 115 matches.

Babar Azam made his 18th century with a delightful strike rate of 107(117) against New Zealand in 4th ODI match of the series of 5 ODI matches at the National Stadium, Karachi on Friday. His knock could turn out to be crucial as Pakistan eyes the top spot in the ODI team rankings.

Pakistan wear at the 5th number on the ODI rankings before the series of five-match between Pakistan and New Zealand with a rating of 106 but now Pakistan have jumped to the third with consecutive performances at home. At the same time New Zealand, who were second in ODI Ranking have slipped down to the fifth spot.

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What is child labour.

 Child Labour Abuse Law In USA is a platform that highlights the rules and regulation that are related to the child labour. We wish to eliminate the child labour in all over the world by creating awareness in the general public.  

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child labour Reduction in Pakistan

Child labour in Pakistan is the employment of children for work in Pakistan, which makes them, physical, moral, mental, physical, moral and social hurt. The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan calculated that in the 1990s, 11 million children were labouring in the country, half of that was under age 10 years old. In 1996, the middle age for a child joining the workforce was 7 years old, down from eight in 1994. It was concluded that one-fourth of the country's workforce was made up of children.

Demographics.

As of 2005–2006, it is calculated that 37% of working boys were employed in the wholesale and retail enterprise in urban areas, followed by 22 % in the service industry and 22 % in production. 48% of girls were worked in the service industry while 39% were employed in production. In agricultural areas, 68% of working boys were followed by 82% of working girls. In the wholesale and retail enterprise, the percentage of girls was 11% followed by 11% for production.

Child labour in Pakistan is possibly most aggressive in the city of Multan, which is a major production centre for export goods.

For children working at brick kilns in Punjab, a review was conveyed by the Punjab Labour Department. 

According to the advanced figures in the study, the department classified 10347 brick kilns in Punjab and a sum of 126779 children was recognized at these sections. Out of the total, the survey recognized that 32727 children were not attending schools. For the school moving children, a total of 71373 children were enrolled in public schools, of whom 41017 were males and 30356 were females. A total of 13125 children were attending separate schools; 7438 were boys and 5687 were girls. As many as 9554 children were registered in non-formal schools.

Causes.

The International Labour Organisation advises that poverty is the greatest only cause back child labour. Pakistan has per capital earnings of about $1900. A poor person in Pakistan earns around $6 a day on average. The common Pakistani has to feed 9 or 10 people with their daily salary. There is also a high inflation rate. As of 2008 17.2% of the total community lives under the poverty line, which is the weakest form in the history of Pakistan. Poverty levels appear to necessitate that children work in order to allow girls to reach their target take‐home pay.

The low cost of child labour presents operators with a important influence in the American marketplace, where they sell their competitors from countries which preventing child labour.

According to an analysis conducted by Akhtar, Fatima, & Sadaqt, the main causes of child labour in the fishing sector on the Balochistan beach were the low quality of education, lack of job possibilities, and lack of progress in the region. It was found that in this particular province there are high dropout rates and low literacy rates. The researchers conclude that policies focusing on improving education will help reduce child labour.Child labour remains one of the main problems distressing Pakistan and its children.

Pakistan has established rules in a struggle to limit child labour and indentured servitude, but those laws are universally ignored. Some 1,10,00,000  children, aged 4 to 14, keep the country companies operating, usually working in cruel and poor conditions.

In December 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor's Schedule of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published nine goods, six of which are presented by child labourers in Pakistan. These involve the production of blocks, carpetings, glass bangles, leather and medical tools, as well as coal drilling.

Government policies on child labour.

A number of rules involve elements preventing child labour, or improving the working requirements of child and young workers. The most major rules are as followed:

The Factories Act 1934.

The West Pakistan Shops and Establishments Act 1969.

The Employment of Children Act 1991.

The Bonded Labour System Abolition Act 1992.

The Punjab Compulsory Education Act 1994.

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World day against child labour

Child Labour

                  Today, worldwide, about 215 million children work, often full-time. Do not go to school and have little or no time to play. Many do not receive nutrition or proper care. They are deprived of the opportunity to be children. More than half of them are the exposed to the worst forms of child labor such as work in the hazardous environments, slavery or other forms of forced labor, illicit activities, including drug trafficking and prostitution, and participation in armed conflicts.

Guided by the principles of the Convention on Minimum Age ILO 138 on the worst forms of 182 children, the In-Focus Programme on Child Labour (IPEC) is working on the effective abolition of child labor.

Labour Standards

                                     One of the main goals set by the International Labour Organization (ILO) at its founding in 1919 was the abolition of child labor. Historically, the ILO's main tool to achieve the goal of the effective abolition of child labor has been the adoption and supervision of labor standards in the concept of a minimum age for admission to employment or work. In addition, from 1919 the principle that minimum age standards should be linked to schooling is part of the ILO's tradition in the development of standards in this area. Convention No. 138 provides that the minimum age for admission to employment shall not be less than the age of completion of the compulsory schooling.
Adoption of Convention 182 of the ILO in 1999 consolidated the global consensus on the eradication of child labor. He provided the focus if necessary without abandoning the overarching goal expressed in the Convention No. 138 the effective abolition of child labor. In addition, the concept of the worst forms of assistance in determining priorities and can be used as an entry point to address the problem of child labor. The concept also helps to draw attention to the impact of work on children. The child labor that is proscribed by the international law is divided into three categories:

1. The worst forms of child labor, defined internationally as slavery, trafficking, debt bondage and other forms of forced labor, forced recruitment of the children for use in armed conflict and prostitution and pornography, and illicit activities.
2. The work was done by a child who is under the minimum age specified for the type of work defined by the national legislation into line with the accepted by the international standards and is likely to impede the child's education and full development.
3. A job that puts physical well-being, mental or moral development of the child in danger and either by its nature or the circumstances in which it takes place known as hazardous work.

An Encouraging Trend

                                The new estimation suggests that there were about 317 million economically active children 5-17 years old in 2004, including 218 million can be considered child laborers. Of these, 126 million were in hazardous work. The corresponding figures for the limited age group of 5 to 14-year-olds 191 million economically active children, 166 million working children, and the 74 million children in hazardous work. The number of working children in both groups 5-14 and 5-17 fell 11 percent in the four years from 2000 to 2004. However, the decline was much greater for those engaged in hazardous work: A 26 percent for 5-17-year-olds, and 33 percent for children from 5 to 14 years.

The incidence of child labor percentage of children working in the 2004 is estimated at 13.9 percent for the 5-17 age group, against 16 percent in 2000. The proportion of girls among child laborers, however, it remained stable.

The overall picture that emerges is very encouraging for child labor is declining, and the most dangerous are the work and the more vulnerable the children involved, the greater the fall.

Minimum Age for Work

                               One of the most effective methods to ensure that children do not start working very young is to set the age at which the law can be used for children or work differently. The basic principles of the ILO Convention on the minimum age for admission to employment and work are listed below.

Hazardous work

            All work that can be dangerous for children physical, mental or moral health, safety and morals should not be done by a person under 18 years.

Basic Minimum Age

                          The minimum age for work should not be less than the age of completion of compulsory education, which is usually 15.

Light work

              Children between the ages of 13 and 15 may perform light work, provided they do not endanger their health and safety or hinder their education or vocational orientation and training.

Understanding the Problem

                               A better conceptual understanding of child labor has also gone hand in hand with a better understanding of how the problem and its causes.

Across All Economic Sectors

                           The World Report 2002 indicated that the vast majority (70 percent) of child labor is concentrated in agriculture and the informal economy harbors most child labor across all economic sectors.

In addition, gender plays an important role in determining the different types of work done by girls and boys. For example, girls predominate in domestic work, while boys are heavily represented in mining. The situation worsens when, as for domestic work in many countries, the type of work is excluded from regulation in a large part of the country.

Our understanding of the causes of child labor has also become more sophisticated as different academic perspectives have been exercised on the problem. Seeing child labor as a product of market forces - supply and demand - has been a successful approach, through the behavior of employers and individual households.

Child Labour and Poverty

                  The Economic and poverty shocks play the important role of the UN Clearly if a key role in determining the child labor market. Child labor helps son to son to visit the perpetuation of poverty. For example, the results of empirical World Bank Brazil show In the active input to the population Early Reduit by arguing wins 13-20 One hundred pour, it significantly Who INCREASES Way Probability of being poor over In later life.

However, it is poverty-child labor even Sufficient and does not certainly succeeds UNES-Attempts Some violins of the worst child labor forms a No explanation.

Child Labour and Human Rights

                           A view of human rights is necessary for a more complete understanding of child labor, as it focuses on discrimination and exclusion as contributing factors. The most vulnerable groups when it comes to child labor are often those subject to discrimination and exclusion: girls, ethnic minorities and indigenous and tribal peoples, those of low class or caste, people disabled, displaced persons and those living in remote areas.

The special session of the UN General Assembly on Children in 2002 adopted a mainstreaming approach - placing child labor on the development agenda. This meant that a new ambition was to be set for the worldwide movement against child labor. In political terms, this means putting child labor on the agenda of Ministries of Finance and Planning - after all, the movement around the world must convince governments to act to end child labor. the elimination of child labor is reduced to a set of political choices rather than a technocratic exercise. And the daily reality of instability and crisis challenge attempts to advance.

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3 Basic Cause of Child Labor in 2023

Introduction:

Basic causes of child labor are as follow:

•       Primary causes
•      Cultural causes
•      Macroeconomic causes

Primary causes

      International shows Labour Organization (ILO) Poverty is the main reason behind child labor. For poor households, child labor, income or family is often critical to their survival. Working children, however small, the income may be between 25 and 40 percent of household income. Harsch Africa on global child labor child labor, and Edmonds and Pavcnik other scholars have reached the same conclusion.

As the shortage of schools and quality education, affordable alternative drives for children hand harmful work, the ILO is a key factor. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Generally between 60 and 70 per cent of child labor, where many communities, especially in rural areas, do not have enough schools. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are many times inaccessible, is an ability or quality of education is so poor that parents really wonder whether to go to school.

Cultural causes

             Child labor was common to Europe's history, and the contemporary modern world child labor, child labor is reasonably certain cultural beliefs and therefore encouraged. The view that work is good for the development of children's character and skill. In many cultures, especially the informal economy and small businesses when deciding home destinations, follow the children's cultural heritage in the footsteps of their parents, the learning child labor and at a very early age one way is to practice the trade. Similarly, many less valuable to education for girls in cultures not expect to need formal education for girls, and girls working as domestic supply of services, pushed the baby.

Macroeconomic cause

      Biggeri and Mehrotra studied macroeconomic factors that encourage child labor is induced. Their study focused on five Asian countries, including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labor is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Economic reasons most of human history, encourage labor massive children around the world. They suggest that child labor is both demand and supply factors. Poverty and lack of availability of good schools to explain the supply of child labor, minimum wage is one of the reasons suggest that demand growth in the informal economy pay more than the informal economy. Other researchers suggest that the inflexible labor market, informal economy sise, and advanced manufacturing technology to expand the industry's inability to lack of important economic factors affecting demand and acceptance of child labor.

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Effects of Child Labor on society

Introduction:

Child labor is a serious problem as it was centuries ago, but it affects millions of children around the world. International, some 73 million children 5 years working in economic activity worldwide between age and children to 218 million shows all over the world between Labour Organisation statistics, 14 to 10 years old 17. the figures also do not include domestic work. Child labor problem is worst in Asia, where 44.6 million children have to work. Africa is better with about 23.6 million child laborers, and 5.1 million children work in Latin America.

14.4% of all children between the ages of children in India, 10 and 14 are working as laborers. China 11.6% in number in Bangladesh, and Pakistan is 17.7 percent, and Kenya's 41.3 percent, 30.1 percent., and domestic world, millions of child workers can be.

India is one of the worst offenders use child labor. The 1990s showed that there were about 11.3 million working children in India census fourteen, and their number has increased since then. The country's total child labor in India makes 3.6 percent of the workforce. Agricultural work in most jobs these children (about 85%). Much of northern India who work in carpet weaving industry in order to add to the family income in the children's society.

Working conditions are deplorable, but their families to avoid poverty, so that children have to work anyway. India is not a law that makes it illegal for minors to work for 14 years, but this law does not apply to family-owned companies. The law also rarely in the United States, the major industrial countries with the request due to the practical needs of many rural families living in country.Even, the head of child labor as a time raises that refuses to die beheaded snake. Just a year ago, the inspectors found dozens of workers at a meatpacking plant in Iowa plant and children of illegal immigrants. Plant workers discovered, do some work with knives at breakneck speed with almost no safety training that has been exposed to young, chemicals and products as forced 13. Many testified for 17 hours a day to get the endurance and reduce overtime. Guatemalan worker named Elmer was cut by the knife after being thrown by a supervisor. For each day of the violation of the right of every worker to perform their own individual. Plant workers receive services about a year, they could face fines of up to $ 1 million.

Children in other countries fighting quite as quick as they are unable to do justice in the United States:

Kyrgyzstan, a small country in Central Asia, suffered after the collapse of the Soviet economic wounds. In this once prosperous mining industry has become defunct. Many Kyrgyzans abandoned to live begun to coal mining. However, the tunnels, the miners fans, without proper excavation team could create significant length. Parents were forced to take their children to dig deep coal mines grew poverty.

Today, it is not known how many children Kyrgyzan employed as unofficial miners. However, that share the same feelings about mining quarry many locals. Kylych is $ 3 per day in the ears. The money feeds his family. He said that he can go to school, but he said that without his work, knows her family will be helpless. Kylych seen in his ears, and sometimes trapped himself. Zulfia 35. She is a widow with 5 children need to be fed less than $ 2 a day. After the death of her husband owns mines in the 10-year-old offered his job to his son. She refused, but what about the other people in the region, and as "desperate" situation for everyone. Uluk 14 and works at a local mine with his younger brother. Also wear a helmet to work, and a face obscured by dark mascara. Risk of combustion and hazardous gases mentioned as potential mines kill his brother. He wants his brother did not need to work, but she acknowledged that "some options." Uluk dreams so you can protect your children is to become a police officer.

Ivory Coast, where thousands of children and other children crop mail cocoa pods do not differ a twisted Marcus to enjoy chocolate by thousands. The Diabate was eleven and a locateur believe that to work on a farm cocoa in Ivory Coast when living in Mali. locateur will receive a bicycle for him to work there. He worked 12 hours a day and carrying bags of cocoa was so small there was no problem. Every time you hit the owner of the farm, known as "Big Man", paradoxically disease, beaten with branches in China or a case of a cycle. He was forced to sleep in a small room with 18 other children, and once the night, no one could leave the room. Ali Diabate end, the payment, and was returned to Mali after authorities broke man. He never received a bicycle. Unfortunately, currently it is difficult to avoid the many laws on child labor as shown in the examples above, it is prohibited to countries around the world. Children are forced to work because of poverty, lack of education, child labor laws and poor enforcement factors in their lives. Even the rules are enforced more strictly in that they may contain gaps, that such domestic or agricultural labor in a specific area of ​​child labor. For example, children under the age of 14 can not legally work full time on economic work in Nepal, but the bricks are exempt from the law of clines. In both Kenya and Bangladesh, child labor laws do not apply to domestic or agricultural work. One of the biggest problems involved with child labor to prevent children ending a mental, physical, emotional and spiritual development.

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Child abuse definition and types

Introduction:

Child abuse or ill-treatment, particularly if the parents or by other care, a child or children's physical, sexual or psychological abuse or neglect. May involve a parent or other caregiver any act or omission resulting in a child's actual or potential harm, and may be a child's home, or organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. Child abuse and child abuse terms often used interchangeably, but some researchers to cover the difference, on the treatment of child abandonment as a general term of abuse, exploitation and trafficking among them.

In Western countries, is considered a high priority to the prevention of child abuse, and there are laws and policies to deal with the problem. In order to remove a child from the prosecution of his / her family and / or a crime in the various regions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse to.

Definitions

               What may be different between the professionals and the definition of child abuse and the social and cultural groups. Misuse and abuse of the terms are used interchangeably in the literature. Child abuse can also be a generic term covering all forms of abuse and neglect of children's children. Their relationship with the cultural definition of child abuse and child, child development, and parenting, depending on the current. Definitions of child abuse, such as child protection agencies, legal, medical, public health officials, researchers, practitioners and communities of practice has to do with the subject that children vary across sectors of society. Because they are members of different sectors use the definition of their own, assess for communication, identification across disciplines, tracking, treatment and hampers the prevention efforts of child abuse, which may be limited.

Usually, you have to consider the Commission's actions in general, and neglect refers to acts of omission means. Parents or caregivers of child abuse include physical harm or danger to a child because of his acts and omission of acts by the Commission. While some health professionals and authors others do not, consider abandonment as part of the definition of abuse, was this damage may be unintentional because caregivers about how to raise a child, which may be the result of cultural beliefs the problem, they did not understand the seriousness, either. Child abuse and neglect, particularly emotional neglect, and children of the late effects of acts that qualify as abuse of diversity, are also factors.

Explains the World Health Organization (WHO) loss as a result, child abuse and child abuse and physical and / or emotional, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or all forms of commercial or other exploitation of actual or potential child health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power. Disease Control in the United States and from the Centers for Prevention (CDC), two acts of commission (abuse), words or damage, possible injury or approach that includes the actions of danger use the term child abuse. a child is hurt, and forget / neglect, , a child's basic physical, emotional, or educational needs or supply reduction operations for a child of any potential loss or damage. The children of our Prevention and Treatment Act, abuse as a child and describes the carelessness and at least one parent or guardian of any act or omission resulting in the death, serious physical or emotional harm, Recent sexual abuse or an imminent risk of abuse and / or serious injury by an act or omission.

Types

              The World Health Organization distinguishes the 4 types of child maltreatment that are include 

physical abuse; sexual abuse; emotional and psychological abuse; and neglect.

Physical abuse

       The experts and ordinary people, often do not agree on what behaviors constitute sexual exploitation of a child. Physical abuse often does not occur in isolation, but authoritarian control, causes behavior problems, and as part of a constellation of behaviors, including lack of parental warmth. WHO defined as physical abuse:

Causes or health, survival, deliberate use of physical force against a child that has a high probability of causing damage to the child's development or dignity. This includes hitting, punching, kicking, shaking, biting, choking, suffocation, burns, burns, poisoning and died. The house is delivered in order to punish violence against children.

Joan Durrant and Ron Ensom is intended to give more physical, and physical punishment in the form of writing. The physical and subtle or no distinction between the use of overlapping definitions of physical punishment of children and punishment. For example, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, the UN Secretary-General writes in the study on violence against children

Physical punishment includes hitting, 'pleasant', 'slapping, spanking children, hand or an object whip, stick, belt, shoe, wooden spoon, etc. But it can also include, for example, are, throw shaking or children kicking, scratching and, pinching, biting, hair or boxing ears, pulling children uncomfortable forced to remain in the positions, burning, burning or, for example, forced ingestion, washing soap or forced swallow them with spices.

Kids in the risk of serious injury or death, which most states have child abuse laws consider intentional infliction of serious injury or illegality of his actions. Bruises, the scrapes, burns, fractures, lacerations and frequent accidents, falls, and can cause injury to several shocks may physical abuse. Multiple injuries or fractures in various stages of healing may raise suspicion of abuse.

As psychologist Alice Miller, is known for his books on child abuse, felt humiliation, beatings and blows ,,,, slaps on the face, etc. They damage the integrity and dignity of a child , although the results are all forms of abuse are not immediately apparent.

Sexual abuse

         Child sexual abuse (CSA) in which an adult for sexual stimulation is a form of child abuse or older adolescent abuses a child. Direct economic benefit of committing sexual abuse or physical satisfaction refers to the person of a child in sexual activity. CSA farm, asking regardless of the result, with a baby to a child with a child under pressure to a child pornography exposure of genitals in order to engage in sexual activity indecent exposure of the genitals, the sexual contact including, physical contact of the child, the child's genitals look without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography. Is seen selling sexual services with children and child imprisonment instead of the services offered can be treated as child abuse.

Child sex are exploiting the victims of the effects of the crime, flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, fear of things associated with objects, including abuse, smells, places, doctor visits, etc., problems of self esteem, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain, addiction, injured himself, suicidal ideation, physical complaints, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, such as borderline personality disorder and other mental illnesses, and dissociative identity disorder, a tendency to target children adult I, of the bulimia nervosa, and physical damage, among other problems. Children are also victims of their immature immune system and increases the risk of getting a high capacity due to sexually transmitted diseases for forced sexual contact during Mucosal tears. Sexual problems, increased HIV prevalence, risky sex in ways, from condoms, with little knowledge of decreased been correlated with several risk factors of HIV and sexually attacked at an early age of safe sex practices the frequent change of sexual partners, and more years of sexual activity.

Roughly 15% and 25% in women and 5 percent of men and 15 percent were sexually abused when they were children. Sex familiar with most offenders are victims of exploitation; approximately 30% of the child's relatives, often brothers, fathers, mothers, uncle or cousin, about 60 per cent of family friends, children, or neighbors known by other names, about 10% of foreign criminals in child sexual abuse cases. More than a third of cases, the attack is a minor.

1999 BBC survey on sexual exploitation of Truth Foundation in India, the author was the point where 76 percent of respondents said they were abused as children of a family member 40%.

Psychological abuse

               Psychological abuse is a form refers to violence as emotional abuse or misuse of mental abuse is done, the person subjecting or other behavior that could cause psychological trauma from exposed features, anxiety, chronic depression, or post traumatic stress disorder, including. It is associated with abusive relationships, harassment and abuse in the workplace power imbalance conditions, such as how often the abuse.

Neglect abuse

        The lack of the parent or other person with responsibility for child neglect child health, child safety, and welfare of the necessary food, clothing, shelter to that is threatened with welfare, medical care, damage or to provide security. Neglect of child survival, care, love and attention deficit around a child which will be suitable for nutritional deficiencies, and no coverage and related requirements.

Are some of the observable signs of a neglected child: children often lack sufficient clothing for absently school, ask or food or stealing money, lack of essential medical and dental care is always messy, or weather. 2010 report child abuse (NCANDS), the federal government reports provided by the security services to children like the years of States (CPS) agencies in the United States, data on annual loss, abuse neglect was the most common form.

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